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The historical form and modern trend of learning
Source: Yang Guorong
Source: “Light Sun” National Edition, September 23, 2023, 11th edition
How to understand learning? This is a question that still requires thinking. From a historical perspective, the institutionalized form of learning was formed after Emperor Hanwu respected Confucianism alone. His earlier form was classical learning using “Penadon”, “Book”, “Treasure”, “Book”, “Book”, “Year”, etc. as “Text”. Before Han, these texts had existed, but they did not receive the form of institutionalized learning. From a perspective, the establishment of the political system is related to the creation of the political system. Facing the end of the three-generation order format of “kingdom” as the central and feudal and other situations, the new county-level country must develop a common mechanism of academic structure parallel to the political system. Therefore, the establishment of the Five PhD became a method of institutionalization. The traditional Chinese society for more than two thousand years has experienced dynasty changes, social changes, and alien invasion, but the Chinese society characterized by many ethnic groups has not been interpreted. Their overall ideas are deeply rooted in people’s hearts and are mostly worthy of learning. Xunzi had already proposed in the warring era: “There is no two paths in the country, and no saints have two hearts.” (“Explanation”) This explanation seems to have predicted a unified order format, and can only be based on the Tao from one, and the Tao comes from a cooperative “saint”; as the foundational value of the Chinese civilization, it bears the monotonous consciousness that transcends specific dynasties and specific political societies, and the creation of a political system undoubtedly requires its support.
Following the idea of a unified order as a matter of importance, we have learned in a different era of differences, and have a different historical form. He Liangjun of the Ming Dynasty once pointed out: “The Confucians admired the practice of training, and when the Tang people made righteous words, they were very wise. The Song people liked to say that they were written, and when the Southern Song people made comments, they were left behind.” (“Four Friends’ Words”, China Book Bureau, 1959, page 26) This not only touched on the evolution of academic studies before the Ming Dynasty, but also related to the differences in the development process of academic studies. In short, Emperor Wen of Han had established doctors of Lu and Korean poetry, and Emperor of Hanjing further established Dr. Yang and Dr. Qi Pensheng. Although he had not yet won a unique position in his studies at this time, the idea of academic differences in the order of the system has been initially formed. Emperor Hanwu was sure to establish the “Five Doctors” and his academic performance was full of enthusiasm. Xihan emphasizes modern literature studies, and the doctoral students who have established are most modern literature scholars. The Book of Changes includes Shi (玉), Meng (Xi), Liangqiu (玉), and Jing (安容); the Book of Changes includes European and Yang (安容Sheng), Xiahou (jian), Xiahou (Xiang); “Pen” includes Shen (Pei), Xu (Gu), and Han (baby); “Legend” includes Dai (De), Dai (Xiang); “Age” includes Gongyang, Guliang, Zuo Zhu, etc. Among them, as long as “Zuo Zhu” and others are trapped here. Call it “Ancient Literature Learning”.
In its evolution process, Han Dynasty has formed two eye-catching phenomena. One is the turbulent transformation. The development of learning is important to disperse classics, but in the late Han Dynasty, this kind of remarks became more and more complicated, so that the meaning of a word often moved thousands of words. The second is that as learning is institutionalized, its content is difficult to avoid education. When studying, one emphasizes the status. Once certain concepts and regulations are established as names, items, and numbers are designated as names, and “use names as teaching”, this will not prevent the inspiration and strengthening. In contrast, it will become a false and various people and things that can gain fame and fortune by flattering the inner taste. The interaction between the two animals and the virtual interaction makes the two animals lose their vitality. During the Wei Dynasty, Wang Bi, He Yan and others used mysterious learning to transform Han Dynasty, using simple principles to replace the rejuvenation of Han Confucianism, and swept the mystery that covered the academic world, and their learning style was changed. At the same time, during the Wei Dynasty, the relationship between famous teaching and nature became the main topic. From the general perspective, Wei Xian Confucianism (school) emphasized the relationship between famous teaching and nature: in the concept of naturalism, nature provided the foundation for famous teaching; the main focus was on “overcoming famous teaching and let nature go”. Famous teaching conformed to the restraint of nature beyond famous teaching on nature. In relation to this, the false direction caused by the two schools under the name of the teachings also received certain restrictions.
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After the long separation and confrontation between the north and south dynasties, the Sui and Tang dynasties regained political unity, and their connection with them was to reconstruct a unified order format. Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered Kong Dangda and others to write the “Five Issues”, which initially realized the request to gather common understanding through learning under the confrontation of the three religions. Later, Emperor Gaozong of Tang asked Confucian scholars to take the “Five Issues” step by step and established his official position. The “Five Words” adopts the principle of “sparing and not breaking the notes” in the basics, but the 口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口口� In terms of “Shangshu Zhengyi”, its content integrates “Current Wen Shangshu”, “Current Wen Shangshu”, and Kong Anguo’s “Shangshu” and so on. “Five Consciences” inherited the Han Ru people’s historyIt is a standard reference for subject examinations and is compatible with the study of the north and south. After its structure and revision, it gradually becomes a standard reference for subject examinations. In addition to “Five Books of Righteous Meaning”, Yue Deming’s “Classic Text” also constituted the main works of Tang Dynasty scholarship. This book also includes more than ten books, including “The Book of Changes”, “Books”, and “Pen”, and “Pen”. According to Pi Xirui’s words, “is the first voice of the Tang Dynasty’s Yishu.” The Tang Dynasty’s academic represented by “Five Implications” and “Classic Texts” have manifested the trend of academic unity. Behind this syslogan is the construction of a large order format, which reflects the political concern of academics from one aspect. After the Five Righteousnesses, the substantiation has established a standard for the political and political consciousness. Xie Xun, with her beautiful appearance, won the championship in the selection competition, and sang and compete
The study of the Song Dynasty had an internal connection with the science. The Song people said that the development of the side was important. The Song Confucians had doubts and the flow of things came, and they also became the targets of doubts. “The Book of Changes”, “The Book of Songs”, “The Book of Songs”, etc. In addition to doubt, the Confucian Confucian side of the Song Dynasty focused on learning and understanding classics. Regarding classics such as “The Book of Changes”, “Penadies”, and “Books”. The Confucian Confucians did not limit the verbal interpretation, but focused on the interpretation of mind, reason, life, knowledge and action, which not only included physical concepts, but also entered the metaphysical connotation. In “Study In the href=”https://twsugarhug.org/”>Baoqingapp平”, Zhang Xu pointed out: “All things are only one law of nature.” (“Zhang Liu Collection”, China Book Bureau, 1978, page 256) Specifically, it is about gifts, Zhang Xu believes that “the gifts are different. Conscience can only be used to recommend the original text; the joy of the whole, and the joy of the whole world is divided. Gift generation will be divided.” (“Zhang Xuan Collection”, page 261) This not only contains the inheritance of traditional gifts about gift differences and joy contracts, but also contains theoretical recommendations. The so-called “everything is only one law of nature” constitutes the conditions for this recommendation. Among the two Cheng, Zhu Xi, and Jiufeng, the integration of study and science into one step is one.
The Qing Dynasty’s academic studies were based on the Qianlong and Jiaqing schools, and the training and examination stru TC:
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